Soccer is a team sports. Play between two teams and each team has eleven players.
How about the soccer field? for international adult matches is about 100–110 m and the width is about 64–75 m.
This sports duration is 2 x 45 minutes plus additional times. If the player did some fault, such as make the other players fall, the referee will give the player yellow card for warning and if the referee give red card, that means the players must to leave the game and maybe will miss next two match games for the player team.
How about if the player got the second yellow card in the same match ? The player must leave the game and will miss next match because 2 yellow cards = red card.
The current Laws of the Game (LOTG) consist of 17 individual laws:
Law 1: The Field of Play
Law 2: The Ball
Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air-filled sphere with a circumference of 68–70 cm (or 27–28 inches), a weight 410–450 g (or 14–16 ounces), inflated to a pressure of 8–12 psi, and covered in leather or "other suitable material".
The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight, as older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather. The standard ball is a Size 5, although smaller sizes exist: Size 3 is standard for team handball and Size 4 in futsal and other small-field variants. Other sizes are used in underage games or as novelty items.Law 3: The Number of Players
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.
The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.
A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.
Law 4: The Players' Equipment
The Laws of the Game set out the basic equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4: The Players' Equipment. Five separate items are specified: shirt (also known as a jersey), shorts, socks (also known as stockings), footwear and shin pads.[1] Goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts.[2] While most players wear studded shoes called "football boots", the Laws do not specify that these are required.[1] Shirts must have sleeves, and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the same colour as the shorts themselves. Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings, be made of rubber, plastic or a similar material, and "provide a reasonable degree of protection".[1] The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player "must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player".
Law 5: The Referee
The referee's powers and duties are described by Law 5 of the Laws of the Game. These include:
1. enforcing the Laws of the Game;
2. controlling the match in co-operation with the assistant referees and, where applicable, with the fourth official;
3. ensuring that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2;
4. ensuring that the players' equipment meets the requirements of Law 4;
5. acting as timekeeper and keeping a record of the match;
6. stopping, suspending or terminating the match, at his discretion, for any infringements of the Laws;
7. stopping, suspending or terminating the match because of outside interference of any kind;
8. stopping the match if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensuring that he is removed from the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted;
9. allowing play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in his opinion, only slightly injured.
Law 6: The Assistant Referees
All decisions by the assistant referee are only advisory to the referee; assistants do not actually make binding decisions. During the game one assistant referee oversees one touch-line and one end of the field utilising the diagonal system of
control. The more senior of the two assistants will normally occupy the side of the field containing the technical areas, in order to help oversee substitutions.Assistant referees were formerly called linesmen. In 1996, the name was changed, primarily to better reflect the modern role of these officials, and secondarily to become non-gender specific. They are also sometimes incorrectly referred to as "referee's assistants".
Law 6 of the Laws of the Game outlines the general duties of the assistant referees, however their duties in a given game remain subject to the decision of the referee. These duties usually include indicating:
* When the whole ball has passed outside the field of play.
* Which side is entitled to return the ball into the field of play.
* When a player may be penalised for an offside offence.
* When offences or other infringements of the Laws of the Game have been committed of which the referee does not have an adequate view.
An assistant referee may also be called upon by the referee to provide an opinion regarding matters which the referee requires clarification on. The assistant referees also usually assist the referee with preparatory and administrative functions.
Law 7: The Duration of the Match
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time.
The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, and is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over.
In league competitions, games may end in a draw, but in some knockout competitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).
In competitions using two-legged matches, each team competes at home once, with an aggregate score from the two matches deciding which team progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the leg played away from home. If the result is still equal, kicks from the penalty mark are usually required, though some competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.
Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play
Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off until the end
of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play:# Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.
# Throw-in: when the ball has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to that which last touched the ball.
# Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defending team.
# Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a defender; awarded to attacking team.
# Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution or send-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick.
# Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls.
# Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kick but that has occurred within their opponent's penalty area.[39]
# Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason, such as a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective. This restart is uncommon in adult games.
Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play
The ball remains in play from the beginning of each playing period to the end of that period, except when:
* The ball leaves the field by entirely crossing a goal line or touch line (this includes when a goal is scored); or
* Play is stopped by the referee (for example when a foul has been committed, a player is seriously injured, or the ball becomes defective).
Note that when the ball is in play it remains in play if it rebounds from a goalpost, crossbar, corner flag, referee or assistant referee, assuming that they are on the field of play at the time.
When the ball is in play players may play the ball, contest the ball, and goals may be scored.
Players are liable to punishment for committing either fouls or misconduct.
Substitutions may not occur whilst the ball is in play.
When the ball has left the field of play or play has been stopped by the referee, it becomes out of play until play is recommenced by the appropriate restart.
When the ball is out of play the ball is "dead"; players must not play the ball or interfere with their opponents, and goals can not be scored.
By definition, fouls do not occur when the ball is out of play, however misconduct may occur.
Substitutions may only be made when the ball is out of play (and then only with the permission of the referee).
Law 10: The Method of Scoring
In some sports, the goal is the sole method of scoring, and in these sports, the final score is expressed in “goals” where the winner is the team that accumulates the larger number of goals in the given time.
In other sports, a goal is the primary, but not the sole method of scoring. In these sports, the goal is worth a set number of points, and there is another method of scoring which scores fewer points (often one point). In these sports, the score is expressed as the number of goals plus the number of alternate scores and the combined total of points with the winner being decided on total points. For example, an Australian Rules Football the score may be expressed as follows:
Sydney 10-4-64 Brisbane 9-12-66
In this example Sydney scored 10 goals (at six points each) and 4 behinds (one point each) for a total of 64 points. Brisbane scored 9 goals and 12 behinds for a total of 66 points. Despite having fewer goals, Brisbane won the game.
Other sports use a Field Goal as one of several methods of scoring. The field goal can be a primary or secondary score and is used when there are several possible scoring methods. In these sports, the object of the game is to score a greater number of total points than the opponent. Scores are expressed solely as numbers of points.
Law 11: Offside
A player is in an offside position if he is in his opponents' half of the field and is nearer to his opponents' goal line than the ball, and all but one (or all) of his opponents. A player level with the second to last opponent is not in an offside position.
In general, what this means is that either the attacking team should ensure the opposing team has at least two players (of which the opposition's goalkeeper is included) in front of the furthest forward player of the attacking team, or all players of the attacking team should be behind the ball such that it remains closer to the goal line than any of the player of the attacking team. If the goalkeeper is ahead of the play, then the forward will have to be in line with or behind two defenders (unless the forward is in his own half).
There is currently some controversy over whether a defender who has left the field of play is counted as active for the purposes of determining whether or not an attacker is offside. The Laws of the Game [2]simply say that the "player is in an offside position if he is nearer to his opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent", which is not definitive with regards to players being behind the goal line. The US Soccer Federation Advice to referees part 11.11 [3]states that "A defender who leaves the field during the course of play and does not immediately return must still be considered in determining where the second to last defender is for the purpose of judging which attackers are in an offside position. Such a defender is considered to be on the touch line or goal line closest to his or her off-field position. A defender who leaves the field with the referee's permission (and who thus requires the referee's permission to return) is not included in determining offside position."
Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct
A foul occurs when a player commits an offence listed in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick.
A player scores a penalty kick given after an offence is committed inside the penalty area
The referee may punish a player or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or sending-off (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a sending-off. If a player has been sent-off, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.
Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as "playing an advantage". The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within a short period, typically taken to be four to five seconds. Even if an offence is not penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned for misconduct at the next stoppage of play.
The most complex of the Laws is offside. The offside law limits the ability of attacking players to remain forward (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal line) of the ball, the second-to-last defending player (which can include the goalkeeper), and the half-way line.
Law 13: Free Kicks
Direct Free Kick,
The kick is taken from where the foul occurred, unless that was within the fouled team's goal area, in which case it may be taken from anywhere within the goal area.
The ball must be stationary prior to being kicked. Opponents must remain 9.15 m (10 yards) from the ball (and also outside of the penalty area if the kick is taken from within the defending team's penalty area) until the ball is in play.
In order to keep the initiative a quick free kick is sometimes taken without waiting for the opposing players to retire from the 9.15 m (10 yard) radius.
The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and moves, unless the kick was taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, in which case it is in play once it has passed directly beyond the penalty area.
A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick, but only against the opposing side (i.e. an own goal may not be scored). However, should the ball directly land in the own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team. A player may be penalised for an offside offence committed from a direct free kick.
Indirect Free Kick,
The kick is taken from where the foul occurred, unless the offence was committed within the goal area of the team awarded the kick, in which case the kick may be taken from anywhere within the goal area. An indirect free kick within the opposing team's goal area is taken from the goal area line parallel to the goal line (i.e. at least 6 yards from the goal line).
The ball must be stationary prior to being kicked. Opponents must remain 10 yards (9.15m) from the ball (and also outside of the penalty area if the kick is taken from within the kicking team's penalty area) until the ball is in play. An exception to this is that opponents may be within 10 yards of the ball provided they are standing on their goal line between the goal posts.
The ball becomes in play as soon as it is touched, unless the kick was taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, in which case it is in play once it has passed completely out of the penalty area.
A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick, rather it must be touched by a second player before a goal can be scored. If the ball goes in goal directly from an indirect free kick, a goal kick is awarded to the defending team. If the ball goes in own goal from an indirect free kick, a corner kick is awarded.
The referee signals that a free kick is indirect by raising one arm until the ball has been touched a second time or has gone out of play.
Law 14: The Penalty Kick
The penalty kick is taken from the penalty mark, which is a midline spot 12 yards (11 m) from the goal. The penalty kick taker (who does not have to be the player who was fouled) must be clearly identified to the referee.
All players other than the defending goalkeeper and the penalty taker must be outside the penalty area, behind the penalty mark, and at least ten yards (9.15 m) from the ball (i.e. outside the penalty arc) until the ball is kicked. The goalkeeper must remain between the goalposts on the goal-line facing the ball until the ball is kicked, but may move from side to side along the goal-line. If the goalkeeper moves forward before the ball is kicked, then the penalty must be kicked again if a goal is not scored.
After the referee blows his whistle, which is the signal for the kick to be taken, the kicker must kick the ball in a forward direction (not necessarily at the goal, though this is almost always the case). The ball is in play once it has been kicked and moved, and at this point in time other players may enter the penalty area and play continues as normal. However, most often a goal has already been scored, the ball has been kicked behind the goal line, or the keeper has gained possession of the ball.
The penalty kick is a form of direct free kick, meaning that a goal may be scored directly from it. If a goal is not scored, play continues as usual. As with all free kicks, the kicker may not play the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player even if the ball rebounds from the posts. However, a penalty kick is unusual in that, unlike general play, external interference directly after the kick has been taken may result in the kick being retaken, rather than the usual dropped-ball.
An own goal may not be scored by the kicking team, although this would be almost impossible since the ball has to be kicked in a forward direction to be a valid penalty kick. If the ball were to wind up in the kicking team's goal (for example, if the kick were to ricochet off the defending team's goalpost, travel the length of the pitch, and go into the opposite goal), a corner kick would be awarded to the defending team. An own goal can result off a penalty if the defending goalkeeper (or another member of the defending side) were to deflect a stopped or errant shot into the defending team's goal.
Law 15: The Throw-In
The throw-in is taken from the point where it crossed the touch line. Opposing players must remain at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) from the thrower until the ball is in play.
At the moment of delivering the ball, the thrower must face the field of play, have both feet on the ground on or outside the touch line, and use both hands to deliver the ball from behind and over his head.
A goal may not be scored directly from a throw-in. A player may not be penalised for being in an offside position direct from a throw-in.
The handspring throw in is a type of throw-in, rarely used in competitive games, where the player completes a front handspring while still holding onto the ball. This is used for long throw ins and for throw ins used a lot alike to a corner kick. This type of throw in follows all of the rules that the player must have both feet on the ground when he/she is releasing the ball, the ball is being thrown from behind the head, and the ball is being thrown with equal force by both hands. Strong abdominal muscles are required for this throw in.
Law 16: The Goal Kick
The ball is initially placed anywhere within the defending goal area. All opposing players must be outside the penalty area until the ball is in play.
The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and leaves the penalty area.
A goal may be scored directly from a goal kick, but only against the opposing side (i.e. an own goal may not be scored), in this case a corner kick to the opposing team is awarded. A player may not be penalized for being in an offside position direct from a goal.
Law 17: Corner kick
When taking a corner kick, the football is initially placed so that some piece of the ball touches the corner arc closest to where the ball went out of play. The corner arc is located at the intersection of the goalline and touchline and has a radius of one yard. All defending players must be at least ten yards (9.15m) from the ball until the corner kick is taken. A corner kick is taken as soon as it is kicked and moves.
A goal may be scored directly from a corner kick, but only against the opposing side. An own goal may not be scored. It is physically impossible to be penalised for being in an offside position direct from a corner kick, because all other players in the attacking team are behind the ball when it is played.
That's all of the law. Soccer is the funnest sports and I love to play football/soccer. So, let's play Soccer.
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